, There are different types of Lithopedon (e.g. carbonatic, 197 silicatic; all possible morpho-functional types or more or less transformed initial rocky 198 basements). The Lithopedon is not always at the bottom of a well
, Then Humipedon and Lithopedon are built-up, the soil 201 profile evolving toward a complete sequence of Humipedon, A very young soil is just a thin 'biofilm" laying on a Lithopedon, like in deglaciated 200 environments, 1996.
, Occasionally the soil can either lose some of its more superficial parts by erosion (truncated 203 soils; (Desmet and Govers, 1995)) or one part grows till taking all the place (e.g. Humipedon 204 in submerged soils -Histosols
, Once mastered this classification, things become simpler and easier to understand; and the 206 definitive/detailed name of the soil could arise from combining the names given separately to
, Humus form dynamics during the sylvogenetic cycle in a 211 mountain spruce forest, Soil Biol. Biochem, vol.26, issue.2, pp.389-401, 1994.
, Gibt es in Deutschland die Humusform Amphi? Mitteilungen der Dtsch, p.221, 2007.
, Bodenkundlichen Gesellschaft, vol.110, issue.110, pp.459-460
, Forstökologie. Zustandserfassung und Standortsgemässe Gestataltung 225 der Lebengrundlagen des Waldes, 1952.
, Waldhumusdiagnose auf Biomorphologischer Grundlage, 1965.
,
, Effects of animals on soil, Geoderma, vol.25, pp.75-112, 1981.
, Une clasification 230 morphologique et fonctionnelle des formes d'humus, 1994.
, Figure 1. The basic concept of humus classification and the designation of organic layers on 295 forest floors (O-horizons) and organic-mineral soil horizons in the European classification of 296 humus systems
, Dichotomous key for identifying Terrestrial Humus systems and Forms. The 299 first bifurcation divides 3. Terrestrial (described in TerrHum) from 1. Histic and 300 Aqueous or 2. Para systems (2 and 3 are described in Zanella et al, 2018.
, In addition, four options allow accessing to illustrations 304 of humus horizons, forms, systems and types of transition between organic and organic-305 mineral horizons. The third option ('Systems and Forms") allows opening specific tables 306 containing helpful specific information for the classification (e.g. % of recognizable remains in 307 different diagnostic horizons). The last option, Figure 3. TerrHum screens. a) Initial screen. The main key of classification is accessible by 303 touching the red button (Yes/No Key), p.316
, TerrHum screens. a) Clicking on the first touch-button 'Horizons" (Fig. 3a) allows to 318 see examples of diagnostic horizons; b) Example of the result of clicking on
, By clicking on the touch-button named 'O/A transitions
, Clicking on the third touch-button 'Systems and Forms" (Fig. 1a) 323 opens a list of the latter categories; b) By selecting one of the definitions listed in the rubric 324 'Humus Forms, Figure 5. TerrHum screens. a)
, 325 which can be magnified by clicking on it; two other photographs are accessible by sweeping 326 the screen with a finger; c) By clicking on the fourth touch-button called 'Tables
, Selecting the fourth touch-button 'Tables" (Fig. 3a) opens the 331 related 'Help" info; b) By selecting 'Pedofauna and droppings" and then e.g. 'Arthropods", two 332 photographs of these animals collected in Petri dishes may be recalled and magnified, 333 addition, schemes with info about the composition of humus horizons (c)
, separates the horizons OL and OF or in the horizon OF. The 338 latter is a very protected horizon (in particular desiccation but also rain), which contains a large 339 number of trophic resources (very transformed dead leaves, but also fungi and bacteria) and 340 which, by its fragmentation, constitutes many refuges for species that would otherwise be in 341 strong competition
, Pedon sub-units: Humipedon, Copedon and Lithopedon in a theoretical series of soil 344 development, vol.8, 2018.